The Significance Of The Enlightenment And Modern Judaism

Qns 2. Explain and critically evaluate the significance of the Enlightenment to the development of modern Judaism. The Enlightenment and Modern Judaism Sapere aude! The Rise of the Enlightened man. The Enlightenment also known as the Haskalah movement began in the 18th century. In his 1784 essay entitled: â€Å"Answering the Question: What is Enlightenment?†, Immanuel Kant (1959) described the Enlightenment as ‘‘man’s release from his self-incurred tutelage. Tutelage is man’s inability to make use of his understanding without direction from another. Self-incurred in this tutelage when its cause lies not in lack of reason but in lack of resolution and courage to use it without direction from another. Sapere aude! Have courage to use your own†¦show more content†¦According to Robert Darnton, the men of the eighteenth-century Enlightenment were ‘‘the secular apostles of civilization, in opposition to the champions of tradition religious orthodoxy.’’ They were not afraid to challenge authority and launched a Kulturkampf that criticises institutions, prejudices, and superstitions. Amongst other things the Kulturkamp f called for freedom and religious tolerance and even did their utmost to alter the Jewish educational system. Before the start of Enlightenment period, Jews were restricted to a strict standard of living that was set by Judaism traditional commandments. Jews had to follow a demanding religious regime. For instance, they were only allowed to wear traditional Jewish garments, had a strict dietary restriction, women was not allowed to hold any positions of power and boys were only allowed to focus on Jewish education which is studying the Talmud. 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The Dilemma Of Masculinity Versus Career Paths - 1702 Words

Since the 20th century, there has been the dilemma of masculinity versus career paths. Women were expected to be teachers, nurses, etc., just because that s the role they had in society for decades before that. Men, and still are, expected to go into a career field that pays a lot of money so they can provide for their families. Those career fields are still usually STEM related. Engineers, scientists, mathematicians, doctors, lawyers, etc. It s not just because the individual wants to go into that field. There are outside factors pushing him/her to subconsciously go into that field. Whether it be peer pressure, gender bias, gender stereotypes, even career stereotypes, it can drive a person away from the field they want to†¦show more content†¦Women are surrounded by biases and stereotypes from a young age, whether it be in the media or family influences. In pop culture, woman are usually powerful lawyers or nurses, with a bit of a struggle most of the time; and men, when acting as a programmer, are portrayed as geeky shut-ins. This decreases a young girl s likelihood to become interested in math and science. It also reduces the amount of young female adults that choose to go into a STEM-based career. Since young women don t often go into the field, there are very few female role models for young girls to look up to. If there were more motivation and less forced stereotypes, there would be more women in the STEM field. Argument Gender Stereotypes Anyone, let alone a woman, can go into a field confident of his or herself when everyone is constantly judging your abilities based on your gender. In fact, we are surrounded by gender stereotypes from the time we are born. For example: boys get blue blankets and bedrooms filled with toy cars and tools. Girls get pink blankets and bedrooms filled with dolls and little dollhouses. Sure, the kids grow out of it and exchange their toys for other things. For example, journals, musical instruments, or skateboards. But it s a common knowledge rule of thumb that newborn baby boys get swaddled in light blue

Analysis Of The Community Is Anomic, By Kirst Ashman

Watts Community is anomic, According to Kirst-Ashman (2014) anomic refers to a failed community which is dysfunctional and provides little social support. An anomic community has not or does not take advantage of outside linkages; there is no sense of belonging to the community. Some conditions that illustrate the Watts neighborhood is anomic are the residents of the community live in fear and do not trust each other. The community fails to address persistent problems poverty, unemployment, and lack of financial resources for education. Also, the community was alienated and isolated from interacting with other sections of the city. They lived in poor housing conditions. Gangs, guns, crime, destruction, and drugs surrounded the neighborhood. There was no investment in the schools or the children of the community. The community was not in harmony with each other. Through stratification, political discrimination occurred, based on their wealth and social, economic status. Residents of the city lacked purpose which brought on depression. There is no identity among the citizens. Oppression, discrimination, and unjust treatment are just a few issues that plagued the community. Researchers Williams and Kristin (2010) states historically, trauma is the result of stressful events that overwhelms an individual ability to cope with stressors and life events. African Americans suffered from multiple injuries as a result of slavery, racism, and discrimination. Community is

Marketing Consumer Behavior for Krispy Kreme Brand

Question: Discuss about the Marketing Consumer Behavior for Krispy Kreme Brand. Answer: Introduction: Organizations, for instance, Tim Hortons, Starbucks, and Dunkin' Donuts have been contending with Krispy Kreme for a piece of the overall industry on the premise of item separation, evaluating, and extension through establishments. Krispy Kreme Doughnuts, Inc. started in 1937 as a donut shop that sold its items out of a store window in North Carolina. The organization has a place with the eatery business and contends in the quick easygoing and fast food parts, which are liable to the high rivalry. Today, the organization has around 395 stores established around the world, incorporating 235 in the United States and the rest in 10 outside nations (Aggarwal McGill 2012). Krispy Kreme points of parity and difference The organization's branding incorporates association and sharing, as 55% of its retail exchanges are for offers of one or more dozen doughnuts. Despite the fact that Starbucks furnishes a comparative involvement with the planning of their drinks, Dunkin Donuts does not accentuate much duty to freshness. Krispy Kreme is included in numerous groups through raising support projects and sponsorship of altruistic occasions. To place it in context, the organization was accounted for to have burned through 2% of its incomes in showcasing and publicizing amid the fiscal year 2015 for a 7% expansion in benefits. While Dunking Donuts spends by and large 5% of their incomes in promoting and advertising for a 5.28% increment in incomes (Huang 2012). Likewise, people group connections are something that the organization thinks about, as its brand was manufactured eras of verbal advertising. They allude to their procedure as "neighborhood relationship promoting", which is less immoderate than gigantic showcasing effort and permits to keep the community values connected with the brand. The "Hot Light" App is a visitor engagement application that permits one to find the closest Krispy Kreme shop and be advised when that Hot Light is on at a particular shop. Krispy Kreme Brand Image Krispy Kreme brand Congruency The companys principle target clients who purchase from the organization's on-premise areas are known to be faithful clients who are purposefully a particular Krispy Kreme item; these clients may stroll into store areas or exploit the organization's 24-hour drive-through administration. Clients, who purchase from the off-premise areas, including Wal-Marts and corner stores, have a tendency to be less brand-still, small voice and are essentially acquiring an item instead of a name. Its 24-hour administration is a wellspring of comfort for those hoping to get in, get out, and move on (Leventhal Mascarenhas 2006). Its clients incorporate a wide assortment of individuals. The organization is assessed to serve roughly 7.6 million clients consistently. In any case, two fundamental gatherings bolster this organization; the individuals who purchase from the off-premise areas and the individuals who purchase from the on-reason area. Its clients likewise incorporate those taking an interest in gathering pledges benefits; the organization accomplice up with an association or a school and afterward offers its doughnuts at a rebate rate to help it raise cash for non-benefit bunches (Zikmund Babin 2006). The sandwiches contain 2,500 milligrams of sodium, more than 1,000 calories and 100 grams of fat each putting them on a portion of the slightest sound fast food items are accessible. Being solid may seem to take a pattern of prominence; as when craze diets get to be standard for some time; yet general it remains a consistent issue. Wellbeing concerns are an applicable issue for any firm in the eatery business. For Krispy Kreme, moving a lot of the menu to low-sugar, low-fat items is dependably seen as a way that may bargain the world-renowned taste and quality connected to its name, and henceforth distance its current clients as opposed to acquiring new ones (Mooney Bergheim 2003). Gotham Global trusts that, with some restraint, such conventional publicizing techniques can help Krispy Kremes income. Hardee's saw burger deals increment 20% after the presentation of their Thick burger item line11. Subsequently, substitute products affect firms in these parts. Publicizing and advancements, and additionally focused costs, are key instruments to keep up a solid client base in the midst of substitute products. The organization's expansiveness of request reaches out over all its significant demographic gatherings (Morrison Crane 2007). Brand Attitude: How it is viewed in the Market by Its Customers Doughnuts left on a shelf have no chance to get of reproducing the same new, hot experience as doughnuts made on-site. The organization's brand and name are attached to the "stand-out taste" that its eras of clients have developed to love. Large portions of its organization stores are said to be situated in high-movement territories, for example, strip shopping centers. The Hot Doughnuts Now sign is a solid drive buy generator and another segment of the stable corporate personality. Krispy Kreme has not frequently utilized conventional publicizing, for example, daily paper embeds, TV advancements, and item situation. The Atkins diet, which supported low-starch nourishments, turned out to be fiercely well known pretty much as the organization was advancing and extending its substantial sugar doughnuts. This sign has turned out to be a critical impact on motivation buys. Clients worried with eating regimen confinements, and wellbeing issues have as of late begun keeping away from eateries like Krispy Kreme, because of its so some its items weighed down with sugar. Krispy Kreme has tested in the past with such a warming innovation, alluded to inside as "passage boilers" to keep its items constantly new and fresh. (Zikmund Babin 2006). Associative Networking of Krispy Kreme When clients precisely talk about the food at Krispy Kreme and Dunkin Donuts, the donuts were said to be the most social talked about. For instance, amid January to July 2014, clients attitude concerning Krispy Kreme donuts was 96 percent positive, nearly fanatic. Dunkins donut response was ranked at 80 percent. The general moral here is that the clients want to purchase what Krispy Kreme is best at whether thats donuts or coffee. And if Krispy Kremes consumer experience fails to live up to its clients expectations, the company risks losing them, or even worse when its clients will tend to start getting dissatisfied with its products hence having dissatisfied customers post negative reviews online. On the part of freshness of its products especially the donuts, many customers prefer to buy from the Krispy Kreme stores because they believe that its donuts are always fresh compared to the other companys that also make the donuts. However, because of health concern issues, i.e. it has been reported that the donuts are so much sugary. This has made many of its customers to develop a negative attitude towards its brands especially the donuts. Social environment factors and how they affect Krispy Kreme Doughnuts are as yet engaging many individuals, and their life cycle won't presumably end soon. Despite the fact that costs are not that high, it is not an exceptionally mechanical industry, and it depends on a couple of machines, yet chiefly on human workforce and client administration, offering and delivering in volume which decreases costs. The company faces worldwide rivalry furthermore showcase development. Exclusively claimed pastry shops and bistros are various, and the business sector likewise sees the nearness of real chains engaging over pieces of the pie (Aggarwal McGill 2012). The company's industry profits by economies of scale. In fact, all fragments of the American populace spend more on coffee and doughnuts, despite the fact that individuals under 45 years of age have a tendency to devour more doughnuts themselves. The American business sector is extensive for this kind of items. Donut utilization likewise doesn't experience the ill effects of regularity, as doughnuts are devoured as breakfast, treat or nibble at whatever time amid the year. Krispy Kreme methodologies are equipped towards more noteworthy volumes, lower costs, and more prominent extensions. Without a doubt, this industry presents numerous points of interest, yet few methodologies are conceivable. Krispy Kreme is a piece of the fast-food/cakes industry. In any case, the more beneficial nourishment pattern may hurt the utilization of calorie-stacked doughnuts and buyers support more profitable substitute items, with the exception of if alterations and low-calorie assortments are presented, which could speak to an extraordinary open door for development. In spite of the fact that it is extremely hard to arrange its brand surroundings honestly (Huang 2012). Rituals and Artifacts related to Krispy Kreme The organizations shops have always worked on delivering a multi-tactile client encounter and build up its brand personality. Krispy's Kreme embarked on a strategy of furnishing its clients with an excitement encounter and to fortify its dedication to quality and freshness by permitting the clients to see the doughnuts being made. The organization has built up an application that permits it to draw in and hold more clients. A one of a kind recommendation from the organization is the utilization of innovation to draw specifically in with its visitors. The other vital component of the organization brand is the "donut theater" experience (Holbrook 2006). This has made it to have even stronger loyal customers who keep on coming back for more, and its like they have just fallen in love with the companys doughnuts. References Aggarwal, P., McGill, A. L. (2012). When brands seem human,do humans act like brands? Automatic behavioral priming effects of brand anthropomorphism. Holbrook, M. B. (2006). The consumption experience-Something new,something old,something borrowed,something sold. Huang, Y. Y. (2012). Service backstage visibility and the corresponding perceived value in the process of service delivery. Leventhal, R. C., Mascarenhas, O. A. (2006). Lasting Customer Loyalty: a total customer experience approach. Mitchell, M. A., Orwig, R. A. (2002). Consumer experience tourism and brand bronding. Mooney, P. K., Bergheim, L. (2003). The Ten Demandments: Rules to Live by in the Age of the Demanding Customer. Morrison, S., Crane, F. G. (2007). Building the service brand by creating and managing an emotional brand experience. Zikmund, W., Babin, B. (2006). Exploring marketing research.

The Last Supper Leonardo Da Vinci Essay Example For Students

The Last Supper Leonardo Da Vinci Essay The Last Supper was painted upon the wall of the monastery alU Grazie, at Milan. The place where the picture is painted must first be considered, for here the skill of the artist appears in its most brilliant light. What could be fitter and nobler for a refectory than a parting meal, which should be an object of reverence to the whole world for all future time. Several years ago, when travelling, we beheld this dining-room still undestroyed. Opposite the entrance on tbe narrow side, stood tbe table of tbe prior, on both sides of bim the tables of tbe monks, all of which were raised a step from the floor and when the visitor turned roand, he saw painted on the fourth, above the doors, which are of but mod- erate height, a fourth table, and Christ and his disciples seated at it, as if they belonged to tbe society. At meal times it must have been a telling sight, when tbe tables of the prior and Christ looked upon each other as two opposite pictures, and the monks at their places found themselves enclosed between them. And just on this account the skill of the artist was compelled to take the existing tables of the monks as a pattern. Also, the table-cloth, with its folds still visible with its worked stripes and tied corners, was taken from the wasb-room of tbe monastery. The plates, dishes, cups, and other vessels, are like those which tbe monks used. Here was no attempt at imitating an uncertain antiquated costume ; it would have been highly improper to stretch out the boly company upon cushions in this place. No, tbe picture roust be brought near to the present; Christ must take his lost supper with the Dominicans at Milan. Also, in many other respects, the painting must have produced a great effect; the thirteen figures about ten feet above the Boor, onehalf larger than life-size, take up the space of twenty-eight feet in length. Only two whole figures can be seen at the opposite ends of the table, the rest are half-figures ; and here, too, the artist found hia advan- tage in tbe necessity of the circumstances. Every moral expression belongs to the upper part of tbe body, and tbe feet in such cases are everywhere in tbe way. The artist has created here twelve half-figure «, whose laps and knees are covered by tbo tabic and table-cloth, but whose feet arc scarcely visible in tbe modest twilight be- neath. Let us now imagine ourselves in tbe place ; let us consider the moral repose which prevails in such a monastic dininghall, and let us admire the artist who lias infused into his picture, powerful emotion, passionate movement, and at the same time has kept his work within the bounds of Nature, and thus brings it inclose contrast with the nearest reality. The means of excitement by which the artist arouses the quiet boly group, are tbe words of the Master : â€Å" There is one among you who shall betray me !’* They are spoken—the whole company falls into disquiet; but he inclines bis bead, with looks cast down ; the whole attitude, the motion of the arms, of the hands, everything repeats with heavenly submission tbe unhappy words: Yes, it is not otherwise, there is one among you wbo shall betray me! Before we go fnrthcr, we must point out a happy device whereby Leonardo principally enliveaed his picture; it is the motion of the hands; this device, however, only an Italian could discover. With his nation, tbe whole body is full of anima- tion ; every limb participates in tbe ex- pression of feeling, of passion, even of thought. By various motions and forms of the hand, he expresses: â€Å" What do I  care !—Come hither 1—Thie is a rogue I beware of him!—He shall not live long!—†¢ This is a main point!—Observe this well, my bearers!† To such a national pecu- liarity Leonardo, who observed every char- acteristic point with the closest attention, must have turned bis careful eye. In this respect, tbe present picture is unique, and one can scarcely obscrvo it enough. Every look and movement perfectly correspond, and at the same time there is a combined and contrasted position of the limbs, com- prehensiblo at a glance, and wrought out in the most praiseworthy manner. The figures on both sides of the Saviour considered by threes, and each of these again must be thought into a unity, placed in relation, and still held in con- nection with its neighbors. First, on the right side of Christ, are John, Judas, and Peter. Peter the most distant, in conso- nance with bis violent character, when he bears the word of the Lord, hastens up behind Judas, who, looking up affrighted, bcDds forward ovcrtho table,and bolds with his right band firmly closed, the purse, but with the left makes an involuntary nervous movement, as if he would say: What’s that? What does that mean? In the meanwhile Peter has with his left hand seized the right shoulder of John, who is inclined towards him, and points to Christ, and at the same time urges the beloved disciple to ask who tbe traitor is. He strikes a knife bandle, which he holds in bis right hand, inadvertently into tbe ribs of Judas, whereby the affrighted forward movement, which apeete the saltcellar, is happily brought out. This group may be considered as the one which was first thought out by the artist; it is the most perfect. If now upon tbe right hand of the Lord immediate vengeance is threatened, with a moderate degree of motion, there arises upon his left the liveliest horror and detestation of the treachery. James, the elder, bends back from fear, extends bis arms, stares with bis head bowed down as one who sees before him tbe monster which be has just heard of. Thomas peers from behind hie aboulder, and approaching the Saviour, raises the index of his right hand to bis forehead. Philip, the third of this group, rounds it off in tbe loveliest manner; he has risen, bends toward tbe Master, lays his hands upon bis breast, and declares with tbe greatest clearness : Lord, it is not I! Thou knowest it! Thou secst my pure heart. It is not I! And now, the last three figures of this group givo us new material for thought; they talk with one another about the terri- ble thing which they have just heard. Matthew, with a zealous motion, turns his fnco to the left toward his two companions; his bands, on the contrary, be stretches with rapidity towards his master, and thus, by the most ingenious artifice, unites bis own group with the previous one. Thad- deus shows the most violent surprise, doubt and suspicion ; be has laid his left band open upon the table, and has raised the right in a manner as if be intended to strike bis left band with tbe back of tbe right—a movement which one still sees in men of nature when tbey wish to express at an unexpected occurrence: Have I not said so? Have I not always supposed it ? Simon sits at the end of tbe table, full of dignity—we therefore see bis whole figure; he, the eldest of all, is clothed with rich folds; his countenance and movements show that be is astonished and r eflecting, not excited, scarcely moved. If we now turn our eyes to the opposite end of tbe table, we see Bartholomew, who stands upon bis right foot, with the left crossed over it; be is supporting bis in- clined body by resting both bands firmly upon the table. He listens, probably to bear what John will find out from tbe Lord; for, in general, tbe incitement of the favorite disciple seems to proceed from this entire side. James, the younger, be- sido and behind Bartholomew, lays his left band upon Peter’s shoulder, juit as Peter lays bis upon the shoulder of John, but James does so mildly, seeking explanation only, whereas Peter already threatens ven- geance. And thus, os Peter reaches behind Judas, so James the younger reaches behind An- drew, who, as one of the most important figures, shows with his half-raised arms, bis expanded bands in front, a decided expression of horror, which appear « only oocc in this picture, while in other works of less genius, and of less profound thought, it recurs unfortunately only too often. What Was the Renaissance Like EssayLATEST COPY The Kingdom of Italy was decreed, and Prince Eugene, following the example of Luigi Sforza, wished to glorify the beginning of his reign by patronizing the fine arts. Luigi had ordered a representation of the Last Supper of Leonardo ; Eugà ¨ne resolved to restore, as far as passible, the painting that bad been going to wreck for three hundred years in a new picture, which, in order that it might be indestructible, was to be done in mosaic, for wbich preparation bad been made in an already existing institution. Vossi immediately receives the commission, and commences in the beginning of May, 1807. lie finds it advisable to execute a full-sized cartoon, takes up anew the studies of his youth, and applies himself entirely to Leonardo, studies bis art-remains and bis writings, particularly tho latter, because he is persuaded that a man who has produced such splendid works must have worked on the most decided and advantageous principles. He had made drawings of ihe heads in the copy at Ponte Capriasca, as well as of some other parts of it, likewise of the heads and hands of the Castellazzo copy, and of that of Bianchi. Then he makes drawings of everything coming from Da Vinci himself, and even of what comes from some of his contemporaries. Moreover he looks about for all the extant copies, and succeeds in making more or less acquaintance with twenty-seven ; drawings and manuscripts of Da Vinci’s are kindlj sent to him from all quarters. In the working out of his cartoon, he adheres princ ipally to the Ambrosinna copy ; it alono is os large as the original. Bianchi, by means of thread-nets and transparent paper, had endeavored to give u most accurate copy of the original, which, although already very much injured, was not yet painted over. In the end of October, 1807, the cartoou is read-; canvass grounded uniformly in one piece, and the whole immediately sketched out. Hereupon, in order in some measure to regulate his tints, Vossi painted the small portion of sky and landscape, which, on account of the depth and purity of the colors in the original, had still remained fresh and brilliant. Hereupon he paints the head of Christ and those of the three apostles at hie left, and as for the drosses, he first paints those about whose colors he bad first arrived at certainly, with a view to selecting the rest according to tho principles of the master and his own taste. Thus he covered the whole of the canvass, guided by careful reflection, and kept his colors of uniform height und strength. Unfortunately, in this damp, deserted place, he was seized with an illness which compelled him to put a stop to bis exertions ; nevertheless, be employed this iuterval in arranging drawing », copper-plate engravings, partly with a view t o the Supper itself, partly toother works of the master ; at the samo time he was favored by fortune, which brought him u collection of drawings, purporting to coine from Cardinal Caesar Monti, and containing, among other treasures, remarkable productions of Leonardo bimsclf. He studied even tbe authors contemporaneous with Leonardo, in order to make use of tbeir opinions and wishes, and looked about him for everything that could further his design. Thus be took advantage of his sickness, -and at last attained strength to set about bis work anew. No artist or friend of art will leave unread the account of how ho managed tho details, how he thought out tbe characters of the faces and their expression, and even the motions of tho hands, and how he represented them, lu the same manner he thinks out tbe dishes, the room, the background, nud shows that be has not decided upon any part without the strongest reasous. What care he takes about representing the feet under the table in correct attitudes, because tbis portion of tho original had loog been destroyed, and in the copies bad been carelessly treated! COMPARISON St. Bartholomew, manly youth, sharp profile, compressed, clear face, eyelid and brow pressed down, mouth closed, as if listening with suspicion, a character com pletely circumscribed within itself. In Ves pinos copy no trace of individual charac teristic features, a general kind of drawing book face, listening with open mouth. Vossi has approved of this opening of the lips, and retained it, a procedure to which we should be unable to lend our assent. St. James the younger, likewise profile, relationship to Christ unmistakable, re ceives from the protruded, slightly opened lips, something individual, which again cancels this similarity. According to Ves pino, almost an ordinary, academical Christ, the mouth opened rather in astonishment than in inquiry. Our assertion that Bar tholomew must have his mouth close, re ceives support from the fact that his neigh bor has his mouth open. Such a repetition Leonardo would never have endured ; on the contrary, the next figure, St. Andrew has hi s mouth shut. Like persons advanced in life, he presses the lower lip rather against the upper. In the co?j of Marco, this head has something peculiar, not to be expressed in words; the eyes are introverted; the mouth, though shut, is still naive. The outline of the left side against the back ground forms a beautiful silhouette ; enough of the other side of the forehead (eye, nose and beard) is seen to give the head a roundness and a peculiar life; on the contrary, Vespino suppresses the left eye altogether, but shows so much of the left temple and of the side of the beard as to produce in the uplifted face a full bold expression, which is indeed striking, but which would seem more suitable to clenched fists than to open hands stretched forward. Judas locked up within himself, fright ened, looking anxiously up and back, pro file strongly dented, not exaggerated, by no means an ugly formation for good taste would not tolerate any real monster in the proximity of pure and upright men. Vespino, on the other hand, has actually represented such a monster, and it cannot be denied that, regarded by itself, this head has much merit; it expresses vividly a mischievously bold malignity, and would make itself eminently conspicuous in a mob triumphing over an Ecce Homo, and crying out Crucify ! crucify ! It might be made to pass for Mephistopheles in his most devilish moment. But of affright or dread, combined with dissimulation, in difference and contempt, there is not a trace ; the bristly hair fits in with the tout ensemble admirably; its exaggeration, however, is matched only by the force and vio lence of the rest of Vespinos heads. St. Peter.?Very problematical features. Even in Marco, it is merely an expression of pain; of wrath or menace there is no sign ; there is also a certain anxiety ex pressed, and here Leonardo may not have been at one even with himself ; for cordial sympathy with a beloved master, and threatening against a traitor, are with diffi culty united in one countenance. Never theless, Cardinal Borromeo asserts that he saw such a miracle in his time. How ever pleasant it might be to believe this, we have reason to suppose that the art loving cardinal expressed his own feel ing rather than what was in the picture ; for otherwise we should be unable to de fend our friend Vespino, whose Peter has an unpleasant expression. He looks like a stern Capuchin monk, whose Lent sermon is intended to rouse sinners. It is strange that Vespino has given him bushy hair, since the Peter of Marco shows a beautiful head of short, curled tresses.